Effect of soybean flour (Glycine max) and its inhibitors enzyme on endogenous protease activity in surimi-like gel elaborated with jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) during the storage at 4°C and 10ºC

Efecto de la harina de soya (Glycine max) y sus inhibidores enzimáticos sobre la actividad de proteasas endógenas en un gel tipo surimi elaborado de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) durante el almacenamiento a 4°C y 10°C

Efeito do farelo de soja (Glycine max) e inibidores de enzimas sobre a actividade de proteases endógenas em um surimi tipo gel feito de lula gigante (gigas Dosidicus) durante o armazenamento a 4 ° C e 10 ° C

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/ciba.v6i11.62

Hugo Minor-Pérez
División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec, México
hminorperez@yahoo.com.mx

Resumen
El calamar gigante (Doisidicus gigas) es un producto marino abundante en las costas del pacífico de México. El calamar gigante tiene una alta actividad proteolítica endógena que puede afectar el proceso de gelificación e incrementar el deterioro del músculo de manto de calamar durante el almacenamiento o procesado. Los inhibidores de enzimas de soya pueden contribuir a la regulación biológica de la actividad proteolítica endógena de proteasas. Los cambios en la actividad proteolítica durante el almacenamiento a 4°C y 10°C fueron estudiados en un sistema modelo de extractos de enzimas alcalinas y extractos de inhibidores enzimáticos. Se elaboró un gel tipo surimi (GTS) con las proteínas miofibrilares del músculo de manto de calamar y harina de soya. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa (p<0.05) de la actividad proteolítica en el sistema modelo y en el GTS para ambas temperaturas. Durante el tiempo de almacenamiento los valores menores de actividad proteolítica específica fueron 14.3  UA/mg (4°C, 192 h) y 6.90 UA/mG (10°C, 120 h) con los tratamientos de 30 mg/mL de extracto de inhibidores enzimáticos/70 mg/mL de extracto de enzimas. Además se obtuvo un valor de 77.80 UA/mg (4°C, 144 h) y 80 UA/mg  (10°C, 72 h) para el GTS elaborado con 50 g de harina de soya (base seca) y 50 g de proteína miofibrilar (base húmeda). Estos resultados sugieren que la harina de soya puede ser empleada como fuente de inhibidores de enzimas endógenas de calamar en geles tipo surimi de manto de calamar durante el almacenamiento a temperaturas de refrigeración y hasta valores de 10°C.

Palabras clave: inhibidores enzimáticos, calamar gigante, actividad proteolítica, gel de surimi.

Abstract
Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) is a marine product abundant in the Pacific shores of Mexico.  It has high endogenous protease activity that affects gellation process and may to increase its deterioration during storage of muscle mantle fresh or processed.  Enzyme inhibitors from soybean may to contribute to the biological regulation of this endogenous alkaline protease.  Changes in proteolytic activity during the storage at 4ºC and 10ºC were studied in a model system of alkaline enzyme extracts of mantle muscle and enzyme inhibitors extracts.  Surimi-like gel (SLG) elaborated with myofibrillar proteins from muscle mantle and soybean flour was also analyzed.  Significant reduction (P<0.05) of proteolytic activity was observed in model system and SLG for both temperatures.  During storage time lowest values were 14.3 AU/mg (4ºC, 192 h) and 6.90 AU/mg (10ºC, 120 h) with the treatments of 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitors extracts/70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extracts and 77.80 AU/mg (4ºC, 144 h) and 80 AU/mg (10ºC, 72 h) for SLG elaborated using 50 g soybean flour (dry base) and 50 g myofibrillar protein (wet base).  These results showed feasible to use soybean flour as a source of proteolytic inhibitors in surimi-like gels from jumbo squid during the storage at refrigeration conditions and temperature abuse conditions.

Key words: enzyme inhibitors, jumbo squid, proteolytic activity, surimi-like gel.

Resumo
A lula gigante (Doisidicus gigas) é um produto marinha abundante na costa do Pacífico do México. A lula gigante tem uma alta actividade proteolítica endógeno que podem afetar o processo de gelificação e aumentar a massa muscular deterioração manto da lula durante o armazenamento ou processamento. Inibidores da enzima de soja pode contribuir para a regulação biológica da actividade proteolítica endógena das proteases. Alterações na actividade proteolítica durante a armazenagem a 4 ° C e 10 ° C foram estudados em um sistema modelo extrai alcalinas enzimas e inibidores de enzimas extractos. Tipo de gel de surimi (GTS), com proteínas musculares miofibrilares lula manto e farelo de soja foi preparado. Os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa (p <0,05) da actividade proteolítica no sistema de modelo e as GTS para ambas as temperaturas. Durante o tempo de armazenamento os valores mais baixos de actividade proteolítica específica foi de 14,3 AU / mg (4 ° C, 192 h) e 6,90 AU / mg (10 ° C, 120 h) com os tratamentos de 30 mg / mL de inibidores de extrato enzima / 70 mg / ml de extracto de enzima. Também foi obtido um valor de 77,80 UA / mg (4 ° C, 144 h) e 80 AU / mg (10 ° C, 72 h) para o GTS feitas com 50 g de farinha de soja (base seca) e 50 g proteínas miofibrilares (base úmida). Estes resultados sugerem que a farinha de soja pode ser utilizada como uma fonte de enzimas inibidores endógenos do manto lulas de géis de surimi lula durante a armazenagem a temperaturas de refrigeração e para valores de 10 ° C.

Palavras-chave: inibidores da enzima, lula gigante, a actividade proteolítica, gel de surimi.
Fecha Recepción:  Junio 2016     Fecha Aceptación:  Diciembre 2016

1. Introduction

Some proteins of marine origin are used for food production with high nutritional quality.  Among others advantages some have low cost, availability and high essential amino-acids concentration (Hernández et. al., 1983).  Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) is a product abundant in shores of Mexico and its mantle muscle represents around half of edible portion (60-80% product weight) (Slabyj et al., 1981).  It has proteins with functional properties such as gel capacity formation (Gómez-Guillén et. al., 2003).  In despite of these technological advantages, the mantle muscle commercialization is difficult due to its short shelf-life (Dublán et al., 2006; Ramírez-Suárez et al., 2008) which is attributed, among others causes, to the high endogenous proteolytic activity  caused by releasing gastric and muscle enzymes during the post-capture (if there is not managed properly) (Ramírez-Suárez et al., 2008). 

Gómez-Guillén et al. (2003) and Dublán et al. (2006) mentioned that high endogenous proteolityc activity cause degradation of the heavy myosin molecule and therefore the gels have low ability to thermal gellation and low water holding capacity.  Dublán et al. (2006) suggested that surimi gels also may lose mechanical optimal properties during the storage post-processing.  Enzyme inhibitors from some legume seeds may to be alternative for its biological regulation (García-Carreño et al., 1996a; García-Carreño, 1996b; García-Carreño and Hernández-Cortes, 2000; Ramírez et al., 2002; Ayensa et al., 2002, Shu-Guo and Guo-Jiang, 2005).  García-Carreño and Hernández-Cortés (2000) define an enzyme inhibitor as any substance with capacity to reduce the measured rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.  Enzyme inhibitors produce complexes protein-protein and there are reported at least 48 families with capacity to reduce the activity of serine, cysteine, metallo and aspartate protease (Otlewski et al., 2005).   Soybean is an important legume for human diet.  It has around of twenty enzyme inhibitors from the families I3, I12, I25, I29 (Rawlings et. al., 2004; Otlewski et al., 2005) and the majority are Kunitz and Bowman-Birk type, specifics for trypsin and/or chymotrypsin. 

Ramírez at al. (2002) reported that degradation of surimi gels is attributed mainly to cysteine proteases.  However, there is little knowledge about the reduction of serine proteases activity, which are known may contribute considerably to the degradation of gels during the heat treatments at 50ºC to 70ºC.  The aim of this work was to study was evaluated the effect of enzyme inhibitors extracts from soybean fluor (Glycine max) on the proteolytic activity in a model system of endogenous alkaline enzyme and proteolytic activity reduction in a surimi-like gel (SLG) elaborated with myofibrillar proteins from mantle muscle and soybean flour was studied during the storage at 4ºC and 10ºC.

2. Materials and methods
2.1 Soybean
2.1.1 Physicochemical analysis
Soybean (Gliycine max) seeds were obtained in Central Food Market “Central de Abastos de Ecatepec” in State of Mexico, Mexico.  No harvest season and age were recorded.  Soybean flour was prepared by milling the raw material and sieving a 40” mesh until to get 0.42 mm final average particle size.  The physicochemical analyses were: protein (A.O.A.C 42.014.), fat (A.O.A.C. 922.06.), humidity (A.O.A.C. 14.003.), ash (A.O.A.C. 14.006.) and total solids.
2.2 Jumbo squid mantle muscle
2.2.1 Raw material
Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) was caught at the Gulf of Mexico´s coast and transported in ice to the Central Seafood Market “La Viga” in Mexico City within 12 h of capture. Mantle muscle samples were taken and immediately transported to our laboratory.  In order to decrease surface microbial population the muscle was flamed with a torch; burt surface were cut with sterile knives.  Muscle mantle was then sectioned into 50 g portions and packaged in polyethylene bags and stored at -20ºC until its analysis.

Ten grams of mantle muscle were packaged in sterile polyethylene bags sealed hermetically and stored at 4°C and 10°C during 240 h and 96 h respectively.  Then were sampled every 24 h or 48 h for pH evaluation according to Dublán et al. (2006); 10 g was homogenized with 90 mL of water distilled in a conventional blender and connective tissue was removed.  pH was determined in a digital pH-meter Beckman (Q50, Beckman, Analytical Busines Unit, EUA).

2.3 Enzyme extracts
2.3.1 Enzyme inhibitors extracts from soybean flour
Enzyme inhibitors extracts were prepared dissolving 10 g of soybean flour in 30 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer dissolution (pH 7).  Samples then were agitated 2 h at ambient temperature and stored at 4ºC during 24 h then they were centrifuged at 2000g during 10 min in a Centrifuge Beckman model U94 8885, JA-14 rotor (Beckman, Palo Alto, CA.).  Soluble protein concentration was determinate in the supernatant with enzyme inhibitors by biuret method (Gornall et al., 1949).  One milliter of enzyme inhibitors extracts were stored in Eppendorf tubes at -20ºC until its analysis.

2.3.2 Enzyme extracts from mantle muscle
Endogenous enzyme extracts were obtained by homogenizing 50 g mantle muscle in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 4ºC using a conventional blender.  Then were  centrifuged at 3000g for 20 min (Dublán et al. 2006).  Sediment was discarded and protein concentration was determinate in the supernatant by biuret method.  Enzyme extracts were stored at -20ºC.

2.4 Enzymatic analysis
2.4.1 Alkaline proteolytic activity
Specific proteolytic activity (PA) was evaluated according Kunitz (1974) technique.  Substrate was casein (1 %) dissolved in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.9 % NaCl) solution; 1 mL of buffer was added with 0.25 mL of enzyme extract.  In order to promote the hydrolysis, samples were incubated at 30°C for 10 min.  This reaction was stopped with 0.75 mL trichloroacetic acid (50%) and then was cooled to 4°C during 10 min.  Insoluble protein in acid was removed by centrifugation at 15000g during 15 min.  Each treatment was analyzed by triplicate and the absorbance was read a wavelength of 280 nm in a Beckman Du Spectrophotometer model 650 (Fullerton, CA, USA).   In accordance with the experimental conditions established by Yamaguchi et al. (1982),  proteolytic activity was defined such as the amount of enzyme that produce a change of 0.001 in optical density, read a wavelength of 280 nm per minute.  In this study control was enzyme extract no added with trichloroacetic acid.  Proteolytic activity was calculated by the following equation:
 

Enzyme extracts from squid mantle muscle (2.3.2) were also analyzed.  The treatments were: 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitor extracts/100, 90, 80 and 70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extract.   All samples were kept in tubes sterile and stored at 4°C and 10°C during 240 h or 96 h respectively.  PA was evaluated for each temperature every 48 h or 24 h depending of storage conditions.
2.5 Surimi-like gel (SLG)
2.5.1 Myofibrillar proteins
Myofibrillar proteins of jumbo squid mantle muscle were extracted according Ngapo et al. (1992) using saline solutions with low ionic force; 25 g of mantle muscle were homogenized in a conventional blender with ice and cold water in 1:2:1 w/w/v proportions.  Mantle muscle solution was shaken at 4ºC during 10 min and connective tissue was eliminated by filtration.  Samples were centrifuged at 1500g  for 25 min  (4°C) and the precipitated with myofibrillar proteins fraction were resuspended in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, NaCl 0.6 M).  To elaborate SLG, myofibrillar proteins (wet base) were added of soybean flour (dry base). The treatments were: (a) 50 g myofibrillar protein (wet base), (b) 50 g myofibrillar protein (wb) + 25 g soybean flour (db) and (c) 50 myofibrillar protein (wb) + 50 g of soybean flour (db).  Gelification process was made with a heating from the ambient temperature to 70ºC, with a gradual increase of 1°C/min (Dublán et al. 2006).  The gel was cooled on ice during 30 min. Fifty grams of SLG was packaged in sterile polyethylene bags sealed hermetically and stored at 4°C and 10°C during 240 h and 96 h.  PA (2.4.1) was evaluated in the temperatures studied every 48 h or 24 h.

2.5 Specific proteolytic activity in SLG
Endogenous proteolytic activity was determinate following the next procedure: were homogenized 50 g of SLG in 50 mL of 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7).  Samples were centrifuged at 3000g for 20 min.  The sediment was discarded and protein was determined by biuret method in the supernatant.  One milliliter were stored in tubes steriles at -20ºC until its enzymatic analysis.

Proteolytic activity (2.4.1) was evaluated in SLG using casein as substrate according Kunitz (1947).  Analysis enzymatic were done every 48 h at 4°C and 24 h at 10 °C.

2.5.3 Statistical analysis
Samples were randomly allocated to complete factorial design to evaluate PA in enzyme extracts from mantle muscle and in SLG.  The treatments studied in the model system were: 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitors extracts/100, 90, 80 and 70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extract from mantle muscle.  In SLG were analyzed different soybean flour concentrations: 0, 25 and 50 g (db) soybean flour/100, 75 and 50 g (wb) myofibrillar protein of mantle muscle.  In both systems were evaluated temperature and time storage, 4°C and 10°C during 240 h and 96 h.  All treatments were subjected to an ANOVA and Bonferroni test using Statgraphics Plus 5.1 package (Statistical Graphics, USA).  Significance levels were set at α=0.05.

3. Results and discussion
3.1 Physicochemical analysis of soybean flour

Endogenous proteolytic activity from gastric or/and muscle enzyme is a phenomenon which quickly reduces the shelf-life of the majority of marine products. Some authors suggested (Otlewski et al., 2005; Rawlings et al., 2006; Ramírez et al., 2002) that protease inhibitors from soybean may to contribute in the reduction of enzyme activity in mantle muscle and products like surimi gels.  Ensyme inhibitors mainly belong to Kunitz and Bowman-Birk families, specifics for trypsin and/or chymotrypsin and the greater are in cell wall and endosperm (Shu-Guo and Guo-Chiang, 2005).  For this reason in this study was evaluated integral soybean flour.  Its proximal analysis is shown in Table 1. From dried seeds was obtained 77.40% soybean flour with 23% of protein concentration.

3.2 pH of  mantle muscle during storage at 4ºC and 10ºC

PH is an important parameter that influence the shelf-life of mantle muscle during the storage (Ramírez-Suárez et al. 2008).  pH increase promoted the endogenous proteolytic activity during the refrigeration and reduce muscle protein funtionality.  At abuse storage temperature (e.g. 10ºC) this condition frequently is more accelerated.  Dublán et al., (2006) suggested that endogenous proteolytic activity endogenous during storage at refrigeration or abuse temperatures is determined mainly by neutral and endogenous alkaline enzyme (pH 6.1-7.8).  In this study, pH of mantle muscle during storage showed an increase from 6.2 to 6.5 at 4°C and 7.2 at 10°C during 240 h (Figure 1).  These results are agreement with the studies reported by Ramírez-Suárez et al., (2008) and Morán-Palacio, (2002) who mentioned a little pH increase during the time storage at low temperatures.

3.3 Enzymatic analysis
3.3.1 Effect of enzyme inhibitors on trypsin and enzyme extracts of mantle muscle

Biological activity of enzyme inhibitors extracts was initially tested using a enzyme control.  It was used trypsin reported as serin protease (Otlewski et al., 2005).  The treatments are shown in Table 2.  Enzymatic activity was reduced approximately 65% in treatments of 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitor/70 mg/mL protein of trypsin.  These results are similar to studies realized by others authors such as Ramirez et al., (2002) who observed a significant reduction in proteolytic activity when was evaluated by electrophoretic pattern the effect of enzyme inhibitors extracts from soybean.  Sánchez et al., (1998) reported that raw protease inhibitors extracts obtained from bean, pea, chickpea and soybean reduced the enzymatic activity of trypsin (Trypsin Type III of beef, Sigma Chemical, Co. Pancreas) in 57-73%.  Sánchez et al. (1998) indicated in their study a reduction of 64.9% trypsin activity with soybean proteases inhibitors.  In general  the different results in these studies may to be attributed to different techniques used for inhibitors extraction and analysis.  Also may affect different inhibitors concentrations in seeds due the variety and cultivation conditions of soybean (Shu-Guo and Guo-Huang, 2005).

3.3.2 Effect of enzyme inhibitors extracts on endogenous enzyme of mantle muscle
Some studies with low temperatures storage of squid mantle muscle reported that high endogenous proteolytic activity reduce its quality and functional characteristics (Ramírez-Suárez et. al., 2008. Dublán-García et. al., 2006).  Mentioned changes in myofibrillar proteins that affect thermal gellation and also contribute to reduce the mechanical properties of surimi gels during the storage (Gómez-Guillén and Montero, 1997; Gómez-Guillén et. al., 1998). This effect is greater when the mantle muscle fresh or processed is exposed to temperatures above 4°C (refrigeration conditions). 

Soybean inhibitors were analyzed in a model system.  Enzyme inhibitors extracts and alkaline enzymes extracts were tested.Figure 2 shown the enzyme treatments studied throughout the time storage.  At 4ºC the lowest PA was observed until 192 h.  Conversely during the storage at 10ºC the lowest PA was obtained at 120 h.   These enzyme activities were statistically differents in comparation with the control, when were evaluated enzyme inhibitors concentrations (P<0.0001) and storage time (P<0.001, P<0.0008) for both temperatures 4°C and 10°C respectively (Table 3).   The lowest PA was obtained during the storage at 4ºC in the treatments 20, 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitors/80, 70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extractcs (14.2 AU/mg and 14.3 UA/mg).  At 10ºC also was observed the lowest PA in the same treatments, were obtained 18.2 AU/mg and 16.9 AU/mg respectively.

Statistical analysis (Table 3) showed a significant differences (P<0.0001) on proteolytic activity in all treatments added with enzyme inhibitors (10, 20 and 30 mg/mL protein enzyme inhibitors/90, 80 and 70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extracts) compared with the sample control.  Reduction of enzyme activity was significant from 48 h of storage at 4°C and 10°C.  There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) on endogenous proteolytic activity in both temperatures between the treatments of 10, 20, 30 mg/mL protein of enzyme inhibitors/90, 80 or 70 mg/mL protein of enzyme extracts during the total time of study.

3.3.3 Proteolytic activity in surimi-like gel
Mantle muscle of jumbo squid has myofibrillar proteins with functional properties such as the gellification capacity (Gómez-Guillén et al., 2003).  These characteristics represented an technological advantage that are used to develop foods like surimi gels or similar products.  However, the gel quality frequently is affected by enzyme activity (Ramirez et al., 2002).  Ramírez et al. (2002) mentioned when studied different species of fish, that surimi gels degradation is mainly attributed to the cistein protease.  Others authors reported that serin protease affected significantly to gel degradation during heat treatments of 50ºC-70°C.  Ebina et al. (1995) and Gómez-Guillén et al. (2002) observed that decrease of rheological properties in muscle cephalopods such as squid is also related to serin protease activity at 40°C.  Changes in alkaline proteolytic activity in surimi-like gel (SLG) during the storage at 4ºC and 10ºC is shown in Figure 3.

During the storage at 4ºC the lowest PA was observed at 48 h (20 AU/mg).  Conversely during the storage at 10ºC the lowest PA was observed at 48 h (30 AU/mg). This significant enzyme activity reduction was obtained when where analyzed SLG elaborated with 50 g of soybean flour (bs) and 50 g of protein myofibrillar (wb).  Enzyme activities were statistically differents in comparation with treatment control, when were analyzed soybean flour concentration (P<0.0005, P<0.0001) and storage time (P<0.0048, P<0.0030) for both temperatures 4ºC and 10ºC respectively (Table 5). 

Statistical analysis showed that there was not a significant difference (P>0.05) between treatments control and 30% of soybean flour in both temperatures. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between control and treatments of 50% soybean flour during storage time from 144 h at 4ºC.  For the treatments during the storage this differences were observed at 10ºC from 72 h.  In the comparation of SLG prepared with 30% and 50% soybean flour only was observed significant differences between 144 h and 192 h time storage at 4ºC.  This behavior was obtained at 72 h storage time at 10ºC.  In general as was mentioned previously the lowest specific proteolytic activity was observed in all the treatments of 50% soybean flour.

The increase in PA during storage time, possibly is due to effect of high pH that promoted major endogenous enzyme activity (Dublán et. al. 2006). Even when in literature there is not definitive explanation of this behavior, Rawlings et al., (2004) suggested that due to the inhibitors belong to Kunitz and Bowman-Birk families, have a Laskoswki mechanism action. They have a reactive site that interacts with active enzyme site until to get a balance between the complex enzyme-inhibitor and inhibitor with a equilibrium constant of 1.   Therefore, enzyme inhibitors interact with enzymes to obtain the greatest reduction of endogenous enzymatic activity.

4. Conclusions
Soybean contains enzyme inhibitors that may be used to reduce the alkaline enzyme activity in surimi-like gel elaborate of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) mantle muscle.  This study showed a reduction in proteolityc activity endogenous at circa 60-70 %.  This decreased in proteolytic activity may to improve the product quality for its commercialization.
4. Acknowledgements
Author Rocha-López thanks the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) and Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (TESE), Mexico for a graduate scholarship.

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